Spend enough time tracking the liberal and conservative media worlds, and you\u2019ll notice a certain symmetry in their accusations. Each side thinks that the other is living in an echo chamber. Each side thinks the other is blind to the truth because their informational community has been corrupted. The usual thought goes something like this: when you\u2019re in an echo chamber, you\u2019re constantly surrounded by like-minded people, cut ourselves off from the other side. That kind of isolation leads to being both poorly informed and wildly overconfident. And that\u2019s why the other side believes all those crazy things that they do.<\/p>\n
If that\u2019s a serious possibility, then each of us should then start to worry: maybe we, too, are already in an echo chamber. But how could we tell? First, we need to get clear on what exactly we\u2019re talking about. I\u2019ve written before about how writers and researchers are confusing two very different concepts: echo chambers and epistemic bubbles<\/a>. A epistemic bubble is what happens when, say, all your reading and social media sources share your views, when secret algorithmic systems<\/a> tailor your search results to fit your world view<\/a>. You don\u2019t have contact to the other side; you aren\u2019t exposed to other arguments.<\/p>\n An echo chamber, on the other hand, is what happens when insiders are systematically brought to distrust all outsiders<\/a>. An echo chamber is more like a cult. The problem isn\u2019t that you don\u2019t hear people from the other side; it\u2019s that you\u2019ve already been systematically prepared to disregard what they say. An epistemic bubble is a passive structure of omission; an echo chamber is an active structure of exclusion through discrediting. An epistemic bubble is a structure of bad information flow; an echo chamber is a structure of manipulated trust. Once you\u2019re caught in the grip of an echo chamber\u2019s world view, that world view will work to amplify itself. So long as those insiders continue preach distrust in the outsiders, than the echo chamber\u2019s grip will only tighten<\/a>.<\/p>\n So how do you tell if you\u2019re caught in one? With an epistemic bubble, it\u2019s relatively easy. Epistemic bubbles merely leave out relevant information and arguments, and they do so by pre-filtering your information flow. So take the filters off, and see if anything changes. Follow news feeds from radically different political sources, change up your media sources. If you\u2019re liberal, read National Review<\/em> and The Economist<\/em> and follow some libertarians. If you\u2019re conservative, read The<\/em> Atlantic<\/em> and Jacobin <\/em>and follow some socialists. For both: follow some relevant feeds that are skew to the standard political angles, like aggregators for economics news, or legal policy wonks, or ecologists. Go to your Google account and turn off the personalization features<\/a>. If, after a while of de-filtering your feed, you find consistently encounter new information and argument that change your mind, then it turns out that you\u2019d been in an epistemic bubble after all \u2014 and you\u2019ve already started to undo it.<\/p>\n With echo chambers, it\u2019s much harder. If you\u2019re in an echo chamber, you probably already know the other side\u2019s arguments, and you have pre-arranged reasons to distrust their sources<\/a>. If you\u2019re in a climate change denial echo chamber, you\u2019ve seen the evidence from the other side. You just think that the evidence \u2014 and the scientists in charge of interpreting it \u2014 have been corrupted. If you\u2019re in a radical Marxist echo chamber, you know the standard arguments for a free market and the purported economic data; you just think that everybody gathering and interpreting that data have been corrupted by capitalism and neoliberalism. Exposure to those arguments won\u2019t show you anything new; you\u2019ve already been armed with reasons to dismiss them.<\/p>\n Perhaps we might think it\u2019s the very attitude of distrust and dismissal that marks an echo chamber. Can we say that you\u2019re in an echo chamber if you systematically distrust any outsider? That criterion, however, is far too broad. The problem is that healthy epistemic communities also engage in systematic distrust and dismissal. Think about what it\u2019s like to be an expert \u2014 say, a medical researcher. Could you actually approach the world with an open mind and trust forever in your heart? Absolutely not. The world is full of crazies, weirdos, and quacks, each with their own nutty theories about medicine and health. You don\u2019t have the time to check out each of their theories for yourself \u2014 you don\u2019t even have the bandwidth to listen to most of them. Listening open-mindedly to anybody who thought<\/em> they had something useful to say would chew up all your time and energy; the signal would drown in all that noise. You need to dismiss broadly and quickly. The way most medical researchers do it, by and large, is by narrowing their trust along institutional lines. They trust the people that publish at the right journals and have appointments at the right kind of universities and research institutes and ignore the rest. They have outsourced their trust to an institutional network<\/a>; they have to, because science is so broad and specialized. And they are, let\u2019s assume, an informationally healthy community.<\/p>\n So let\u2019s fall back a step: the difference between an echo chamber and a legitimate, but exclusive, informational community is in the reason<\/em> for distrusting others. An echo chamber dismisses outsiders just because they\u2019re outsiders; a healthy informational community will try arrange their dismissals based on genuine considerations of reliability. The medical research community does some serious gatekeeping, but its efforts are hopefully not intended to simply exclude any outsider, period. Its gates are supposedly open to anybody who demonstrates enough knowledge; its boundaries are supposed to track genuine expertise.<\/p>\n The difficulty here is that echo chambers can engineer a world-view that justifies its harsh policy of dismissal. Consider, for example, philosopher Heather Battaly\u2019s analysis of closed-mindedness<\/a>. Closed-mindedness, she says, is the unwillingness or inability to engage with relevant intellectual options. Usually, it is an intellectual vice. However, she says, there are some special cases where closed-mindedness can be an intellectual virtue<\/a>. Consider what she calls an epistemically hostile environment<\/em> \u2014 an informational environment that is heavily polluted with false and misleading information. In that environment, being open-minded will tend to lead you astray. Adopting a general attitude of trust and willingness to engage will erode your confidence in your beliefs and weaken your self-confidence for bad reasons. Your good beliefs will be swamped by all the bad information flowing in from the outside. A propagandist, informationally corrupted society \u2014 like Nazi Germany or Stalinist Russia \u2014 counts as an epistemically hostile environment. If you were a freedom fighter in Nazi Germany, you should <\/em>close your ears to all that outside propaganda, and only trust your small cadre of freedom fighters. Or, a bit closer to home: as Battaly points out, the current world is saturated with beliefs that discredit women and persons of color. Being open-minded, if one is a member of such a discredited group, courts terrible epistemic effects. So in a very narrow set of circumstances, closed-mindedness is an intellectual virtue.<\/p>\n But notice that many echo chambers present the world outside of their borders as precisely such an epistemically hostile environment. According to them, the outside world is entirely dominated by evil-doers, bad actors, propaganda, and vicious disrespect. Thus, an echo chamber can disguise its true nature by including, in its world view, a justification for its heavy-handed discredit towards the outside world.<\/p>\n My worry here is that echo chambers are informationally toxic; and that, once you\u2019re in the grip of one, its world-view is structured to make its toxicity almost invisible. If that\u2019s right, then somebody in an echo chamber\u2019s grip can\u2019t easily find their way out on their own. Once they\u2019ve taken up the echo chamber\u2019s world view, their continued belief isn\u2019t just brute irrationality; it is the echo chamber\u2019s belief structure judo-ing standard rational practices to reinforce its power \u2013 which includes the invisibility of its grip. Echo chambers trade on a clever manipulation of our natural need<\/a> to trust<\/a>. This is why, I think, echo chamber members cannot be expected to find their way out on their own. They need to be extricated. They need rescue from the outside, and that rescue should take the form of repairing that broken trust.<\/p>\n Image by Thaisun CCO\u00a0 Creative Commons from Pixabay<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Spend enough time tracking the liberal and conservative media worlds, and you\u2019ll notice a certain symmetry in their accusations. Each side thinks that the other is living in an echo […]","protected":false},"author":1319,"featured_media":467,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[19],"tags":[96,138,139,65,44],"custom_author":[137],"class_list":["post-463","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-open-for-debate","tag-closed-mindedness","tag-echo-chamber","tag-epistemic-bubble","tag-fake-news","tag-social-media","custom_author-nguyen-thi-c"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p8KPlM-7t","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1435,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/whats-wrong-with-the-individualistic-approach-to-public-trust-in-science\/","url_meta":{"origin":463,"position":0},"title":"What\u2019s Wrong with the Individualistic Approach to Public Trust in Science?","author":"Alessandra Tanesini","date":"May 16, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"While academics and commentators have been worrying about distrust of science for some time now, the COVID-19 pandemic has thrown into stark relief the full scale of the problem as well as its practical consequences. In rich countries, a sizable portion of the eligible population refuses to get vaccinated against\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Open for Debate"","block_context":{"text":"Open for Debate","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/category\/open-for-debate\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2022\/05\/Dipsea.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2022\/05\/Dipsea.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2022\/05\/Dipsea.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2022\/05\/Dipsea.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2022\/05\/Dipsea.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1097,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/why-twitter-is-epistemically-better-than-facebook\/","url_meta":{"origin":463,"position":1},"title":"Why Twitter is (Epistemically) Better Than Facebook","author":"Alessandra Tanesini","date":"January 11, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Online Environments Social media has the potential to expand our epistemic horizons, connecting us with a wider range of people and more information and analysis than ever before. But it comes with epistemic pitfalls, too. Too much exposure to alternative viewpoints can be overwhelming and lead to bad epistemic outcomes.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Open for Debate"","block_context":{"text":"Open for Debate","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/category\/open-for-debate\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2021\/01\/20201016_120730.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2021\/01\/20201016_120730.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2021\/01\/20201016_120730.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2021\/01\/20201016_120730.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2021\/01\/20201016_120730.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":284,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/what-is-closed-mindedness\/","url_meta":{"origin":463,"position":2},"title":"What is Closed-Mindedness?","author":"Alessandra Tanesini","date":"November 20, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"On March 7 2017, Jason Chaffetz who was then a member of the US House of Representatives (R-Utah) told a CNN anchor: \u201cAmericans have choices\u2026.rather than\u00a0getting that new iPhone\u2026they should invest\u2026in their own health care. They've got to make those decisions for themselves.\u201d[1] Later the same day, in a discussion\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "In the News"","block_context":{"text":"In the News","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/category\/in-the-news\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2017\/11\/padlock-1815590_1280.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2017\/11\/padlock-1815590_1280.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2017\/11\/padlock-1815590_1280.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2017\/11\/padlock-1815590_1280.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2017\/11\/padlock-1815590_1280.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":432,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/poisonous-words-arrogance-bullshit-and-accusations-of-lying-in-public-discourse\/","url_meta":{"origin":463,"position":3},"title":"Poisonous Words: Arrogance, Bullshit and Accusations of Lying in Public Discourse","author":"Alessandra Tanesini","date":"April 23, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"As is common with international incidents today, the Skripal case, in which a Russian double agent and his daughter were poisoned with a nerve agent in Salisbury, England, has generated an abundance of fake news, conspiracy theories, deceptions, misleading, bullshit and lying. There have been many accusations of lying and\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Open for Debate"","block_context":{"text":"Open for Debate","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/category\/open-for-debate\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2018\/04\/all-explanations-arerubbish4754734_43ced6dc.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2018\/04\/all-explanations-arerubbish4754734_43ced6dc.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2018\/04\/all-explanations-arerubbish4754734_43ced6dc.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1337,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/the-myth-of-intellectual-individualism\/","url_meta":{"origin":463,"position":4},"title":"The Myth of Intellectual Individualism","author":"Alessandra Tanesini","date":"December 27, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Have courage to use your own understanding. This, Kant declared, as the motto of the Enlightenment. This same sentiment is echoed in the more contemporary call to think for yourself. Thinking for yourself is incredibly important. A central goal of educators is to equip their students to think for themselves\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Open for Debate"","block_context":{"text":"Open for Debate","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/category\/open-for-debate\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2021\/12\/working-and-trust-1215529.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2021\/12\/working-and-trust-1215529.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2021\/12\/working-and-trust-1215529.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2021\/12\/working-and-trust-1215529.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2021\/12\/working-and-trust-1215529.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2021\/12\/working-and-trust-1215529.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1756,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/i-hate-cyclists\/","url_meta":{"origin":463,"position":5},"title":"\u201cI hate cyclists!\u201d","author":"Alessandra Tanesini","date":"August 21, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"True story: a friend who works for the NHS had to attend mandatory RESPECT training. The workshop convenor started the day with ice breakers, everyone was invited to say what they liked and disliked. He received answers like teapots, cheese and so on before confessing, \u201cI hate cyclists!\u201d He elaborated\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Open for Debate"","block_context":{"text":"Open for Debate","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/category\/open-for-debate\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2023\/08\/cyclists.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2023\/08\/cyclists.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2023\/08\/cyclists.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2023\/08\/cyclists.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]}],"meta_box":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/533\/2018\/06\/spiral-staircase-633744_1280.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/463","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1319"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=463"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/463\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":470,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/463\/revisions\/470"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/467"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=463"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=463"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=463"},{"taxonomy":"custom_author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/openfordebate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/custom_author?post=463"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}