{"id":437,"date":"2025-08-02T11:22:04","date_gmt":"2025-08-02T10:22:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/history-at-cardiff\/?p=437"},"modified":"2025-07-09T11:28:10","modified_gmt":"2025-07-09T10:28:10","slug":"the-long-life-of-dic-sion-dafydd-and-his-children","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/history-at-cardiff\/the-long-life-of-dic-sion-dafydd-and-his-children\/","title":{"rendered":"The Long Life of Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd and his \u2018children\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"

In her post, Dr Marion Loeffler<\/a>, Reader in Welsh History, connects \u2018Yma o Hyd\u2019 (Still Here) to a history of satrical ballads that championed the Welsh language.<\/h4>\n

In 2022, the Welsh Football Association adopted \u2018Yma o Hyd\u2019 (Still Here), sung by Welsh fans at local and international matches since the 1980s, as their official anthem for the Qatar World Cup. The song had been written by singer song writer Dafydd Iwan in 1983, a time when the failure of the 1979 independence referendum had quashed dreams of a free Wales and the south Wales miners were engaged in a bitter battle with the government that would almost destroy their communities. The song was to provide hope of survival and a future. Its lyrics reach back in time to mythical Roman Welsh leader Magnus Maximus and narrated how the small Welsh nation had survived the harsh \u2018winds from the east\u2019 across the centuries. Its chorus promises that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Er gwaetha pob Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd
\nEr gwaetha \u2019rhen Fagi a\u2019i chriw
\nByddwn yma hyd ddiwedd amser
\n<\/span>Bydd yr iaith Gymraeg yn fyw.<\/td>\n		Despite every Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd,
\ndespite the old Maggie and her crew,
\nwe\u2019ll be here until the end of time,
\n<\/span>the Welsh language will be alive!<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Even in 2025, many people will likely still recognise the reference to Margaret Thatcher in \u2018the old Maggie and her crew\u2019, but who was Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd and why did Dafydd Iwan feel that he would combine well with Thatcher\u2019s crew?<\/p>\n

To find out, we have to go back to 1795, when satirist, author of republican pamphlets and atheist John Jones, better known as \u2018Jac-Glan-y-Gors\u2019 wrote a ballad called \u2018Hanes Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd\u2019 (The Story of Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd). Glan-y-Gors, originally from rural north-east Wales, kept a pub in Southwark in the 1790s. Here, he would have experienced all aspects of late eighteenth-century metropolitan life, and mixed with fellow-expatriate Welshmen, some of whom may have provided the real-life model for Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd.<\/p>\n

The ballad describes Dic as an unruly child, never much bothered with getting an education. It recounts how he moved to London, finding work at a haberdashers (a dealer in small items used in sewing) because he was a \u2018handsome man\u2019, returning to visit his childhood home wearing a cheap fashionable \u2018pantaloons\u2019 and speaking bad English. When his mother Lowri asks in the ballad whether he was her \u2018beloved son\u2019 (\u2018A\u2019i machgen annwyl i wyt ti?\u2019), he retorts that he has \u2018Tim Cymraeg\u2019 (\u2018No Welsh\u2019), chiding in English, \u2018Hold your bother; Mother you can\u2019t speak with me\u2019. The local parson beats Dic until he admits that he can, indeed, speak Welsh, but Dic\u2019s descent cannot be halted. He dies a gambler and alcoholic. The moral from Jones\u2019 ballad is as clear as that of Hogarth\u2019s Rake\u2019s Progress<\/em> among others; it warns readers and listeners to beware of the metropolis. It corrupts, and the vices picked up in the big city \u2013 which for a Welshman include a rejection of the mother tongue \u2013 will be your undoing.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n

[Jac Glan-y-Gors], Dic Sion Dafydd. Can y Melinydd<\/em> (Llanrwst, n.d.), Cardiff University and NLW http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10107\/1101937<\/a><\/p>\n

The ballad, one of many penned by Glan-y-Gors, is the only one that has echoed into the twenty-first century. As some areas of Wales were industrialised, and the railways brought English to every part of the country, it remained relevant in the decades after Glan-y-Gors\u2019s death in 1821. An English adaptation on this \u2018swaggering fellow\u2019, who \u2018daily powdered his frizzy hair \u2026 and ap\u2019d th airs of city Dons<\/em>\u2019 appeared in 1828, followed by a number of broadsheets on the \u2018children\u2019 of Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd or the \u2018Welsh-Englishmen\u2019. They satirised those who pretended to be \u2018English\u2019 yet failed to speak the language when it came to it, bemoaned the inability to buy a pint in Welsh even in deepest Cardiganshire, and joked about the failure of railway staff to pronounce Welsh place names. We can see this in the ballad below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Roedd porter y railway yn uchel ei lef<\/p>\n

Yn gwaeddi Tlanelthy nes crynid y dref<\/p>\n

A finnau\u2019n adnabod Llanelly\u2019n led drue<\/p>\n

Meddyliais mai\u2019n India yr oeddwn yn byw.<\/td>\n

The railway porter, with a very high sound<\/p>\n

Was shouting Tlanelthy, till he shook the town<\/p>\n

And myself knowing Llanelly quite truly<\/p>\n

I thought I was living in India.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n

The Children of Dic Sion Dafydd. A Funny Song on the Welsh English<\/em>, National Library of Wales, http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10107\/1061577<\/a><\/p>\n

By the end of the nineteenth century, however, as the Welsh language appeared more and more under threat from industrial in-migration and an all-English education system, the tone had changed. Instead of satirical ballads designed to elicit chuckles, poems and articles predicted the death of the language, and a drama, \u2018Prawf Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd\u2019 (The Trial of Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd) was performed from the mid-1890s until the Great War. Witnesses for the prosecution of Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd were, among others, Mr Welsh, Mr Welsh Literature, his wife Mrs Welsh Religion, and their daughter Miss Welsh education, as well as Mr Civilisation and Dr History. In defence of the \u2018prisoner\u2019 Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd appeared his son Mr Going-up-in-the-World and his daughter Miss Pride, as well as Mr Commerce and Dr Prejudice. Both, characters and content of the drama reflected social developments at work since the eighteenth century and highlighted by the census of 1891, which counted only just over 50% of the population as Welsh speaking. The downward trend for the Welsh language would only halted in the 1980s and at about 20% of the population.<\/p>\n

Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd lived on into the twentieth century, making it into the first Welsh-language radio broadcasts in the late 1930s, where a mock folk play performed at the National Eisteddfod grouped him with characters, such as Si\u00f4n Llygad y Geiniog (John-with-an-Eye-for-the-Penny). Yet, it was also sign of the times that he was joined by Dafydd-Sion-Dic, described in The Welsh Outlook<\/em>, as \u2018few in number but of rich deserving \u2026 those who brought up in ignorance of their natural language, have learnt it from books with painful diligence.\u2019 Adult learners of the Welsh language were few in the 1930s, but they indicated that the tide was turning. The movement expanded significantly from the 1960s, and by the 1980s, when Dafydd Iwan wrote \u2018Yma o Hyd\u2019, the Welsh language movement \u2013 one side of the radicalism which has characterised Welsh culture since the Merthyr Tydfil Rising of 1831 \u2013 had become a powerful driver of change in Welsh society. Together, Welsh-language campaigners and Welsh miners stood against Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd and \u2018old Maggie\u2019, as the official Welsh Football Association video of 2022 demonstrates.<\/p>\n


\nSelected Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n

[Jac Glan-y-Gors], Dic Sion Dafydd. Can y Melinydd<\/em> (Llanrwst, n.d.), Cardiff University and National Library of Wales http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10107\/1101937<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2018Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd (from the Welsh of Glan-y-Gors)\u2019, North Wales Chronicle and Advertiser<\/em>, 17 July 1828<\/p>\n

Plant Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd. C\u00e2n Ddigrif ar y Cymry Seisnig<\/em> (Welsh-Englishmen); several ballads and editions 1820s\u20131850s, \u2018Welsh Ballads Online\u2019, National Library of Wales https:\/\/www.library.wales\/ballads<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2018Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd\u2019, Y Drych<\/em>, 30 August 1877<\/p>\n

\u2018Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd at New Tredegar\u2019, Monmouth Guardian<\/em>, 10 April 1914<\/p>\n

\u2018Prawf Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd\u2019, Celt Llund<\/em>ain, 25 November 1902<\/p>\n

\u2018Prawf Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd\u2019, Cymru\u2019r Plant<\/em>, 183 (March 1907), 87<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. O. Francis, \u2018The Worthy Order of Dafydd-Si\u00f4n-Dics\u2019, The Welsh Outlook<\/em>, 7 (June 1920), 144.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u2018Drama a Radio\u2019, Heddiw<\/em>, 5 (September 1930), 233<\/p>\n

    Welsh Football Association Official World Cup Video 2022 https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Lw5Fyj1GZlo&list=OLAK5uy_mq6pXAbw2jE4ew-Zws35NJLPT81MMWVkQ<\/a><\/p>\n

    Further reading
    \n<\/strong>Dafydd Iwan, Still Singing \u2018Yma o Hyd\u2019. An Autobiography<\/em> (Talybont: Y Lolfa, 2023)<\/p>\n

    Middleton Pennant Jones, \u2018John Jones of Glan-y-Gors\u2019, Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion <\/em>(1911), pp. 60\u201394<\/p>\n

    Marion L\u00f6ffler, \u2018The Welsh-Language Movement in the First Half of the twentieth Century: An Exercise in Quiet Revolutions\u2019, in Geraint H. Jenkins and Mari A. Williams (eds), \u2018Let\u2019s Do Our Best for the Ancient Tongue\u2019 The Welsh Language in the Twentieth Century<\/em> (Cardiff, 2000), pp. 181\u2013215<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Bywyd Hir Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd a\u2019i \u2018Blant\u2019<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    Yn 2022, mabwysiadwyd \u2018Yma o Hyd\u2019, a ganwyd gan ddilynwyr clybiau p\u00eal droed mewn gemau lleol yn ogystal a rhai rhyngwladol ers y 1980au yn g\u00e2n swyddogol ar gyfer Cwpan y Byd Qatar gan Gymdeithas P\u00eal Droed Cymru. Cyfansoddwyd hi gan y canwr enwog Dafydd Iwan yn 1983, cyfnod pan fu methiant refferendwm 1979 wedi dinistrio breuddwydion am annibyniaeth i Gymru, a phan fu glowyr de Cymru mewn brwydr \u00e2\u2019r lywodraeth a fyddai\u2019n malio eu cymunedau, bron. Rhoi gobaith ar sail hanes oedd swyddogaeth y g\u00e2n, ei geiriau yn ymestyn ymhell yn \u00f4l i amser Macsen Wledig, yr arweinydd chwedlonol a unodd y genedl, ac yn adrodd sut oedd y Cymry wedi gwrthsefyll pob \u2018gwynt o\u2019r dwyrain\u2019 dros y canrifoedd. Addewid y gytgan yw goroesiad y Cymry a\u2019u hiaith fel a ganlyn:<\/p>\n

    Er gwaetha pob Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd
    \nEr gwaetha \u2019rhen Fagi a\u2019i chriw
    \nByddwn yma hyd ddiwedd amser
    \nBydd yr iaith Gymraeg yn fyw.<\/p>\n

    Hyd yn oed yn 2025, bydd llawer yn dal yn adnabod y cyfeiriad at Margaret Thatcher yn y llinell \u2018\u2019rhen Fagi a\u2019i chriw\u2019, ond pwy oedd Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd a pham y teimlai Dafydd Iwan y byddai Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd yn asio\u2019n dda gyda chriw Margaret Thatcher?<\/p>\n

    Er mwyn canfod hyn, rhaid teithio yn \u00f4l i 1795, pan ysgrifennodd y dychanwr ac awdur pamffledi gweriniaethol John Jones, neu \u2018Jac-Glan-y-Gors\u2019, y faled \u2018Hanes Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd\u2019. Roedd Jac Glan-y-Gors o ogledd-ddwyrain yn wreiddiol, ond yn y 1790au, cadwai dafarn yn Southwark ar gyrion Llundain. Yno, byddai\u2019n profi pob agwedd o fywyd y brif-ddinas ar ddiwedd y ddeunawfed ganrif, gan gymysgu gyda Chymry Llundain, y byddai rhai ohonynt wedi bod yn batrwm bywyd-go-iawn ar gyfer Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd.<\/p>\n

    Disgrifia\u2019r faled Dic megis plentyn afreolus, heb fod \u00e2 diddordeb mawr mewn addysg. Adroddir sut y symudodd i Lundain, gan ddod o hyd i swydd mewn \u2018Habardasher\u2019<\/em> (siop gwerthu nwyddau bach a defnydd ar gyfer gwn\u00efo) am ei fod yn \u2018[d]dyn mor hardd ei ymddygiad\u2019. Pan mae\u2019n dychwelyd i\u2019w hen gartref, bwthyn ei fam, yn gwisgo trywsus ffasiynol rhad ac yn siarad Saesneg gwael, mae\u2019n gwrthod siarad ei famiaith. I gwestiwn ei fam Lowri, \u2018A\u2019i machgen annwyl i wyt ti?\u2019, ymateba: \u2018Tim Cymraeg. Hold your bother. Mother you can\u2019t speak with me!<\/em>\u2019 Er bod y gweinidog lleol yn rhoi crasiad iddo nes i Dic gyfaddef ei fod yn medru Cymraeg wedi\u2019r cyfan, does dim achubiaeth iddo. Fel eraill sydd wedi blasu bywyd y ddinas fawr yn ormodol, mae\u2019n syrthio ymhellach ac yn marw yn gamblwr ac yn gaeth i alcohol. Moeswers y faled (fel darluniadau megis y Rake\u2019s Progress<\/em> gan Hogarth) yw i ddynion ifainc fod yn ofalus yn y ddinas fawr. Mae\u2019n llygru ac yn arwain at gwymp. I Gymro, mae hyn yn cynnwys gwrthod y famiaith.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    [Jac Glan-y-Gors], Dic Sion Dafydd. Can y Melinydd<\/em> (Llanrwst, n.d.), Cardiff University and NLW http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10107\/1101937<\/a><\/p>\n

    Dim ond y faled hon sydd wedi goroesi i\u2019r unfed ganrif ar hugain, er bod Jac Glan-y-Gors wedi llunio llawer o faledi a cherddi. Yn sgil diwydiannu rhai ardaloedd yng Nghymru a datblygu rhwydwaith o rheilffyrdd, cyrhaeddai\u2019r Saesneg bob cwr o\u2019r wlad, ac arhosodd y faled yn berthnasol yn y degawdau wedi marwolaeth Jac yn 1821. Cafwyd fersiwn Saesneg yn 1828 am y \u2018swaggering fellow<\/em>\u2019 hwn, a fyddai\u2019n rhoi powdr ar ei \u2018his frizzy hair \u2026 and ap\u2019d th airs of city Dons<\/em>\u2019 yn ddyddiol, a nifer o f\u00e2n-gyhoeddiadau, cerddi digrif ar \u2018plant\u2019 Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd neu\u2019r \u2018Welsh-Englishmen<\/em>\u2019. Dychanwyd y sawl oedd yn esgus eu bod yn Saesneg er nad oedd lawer grap ar yr iaith ganddynt, cwynwyd am beidio \u00e2 gallu prynu peint yn Gymraeg hyd yn oedd yng nghefn gwlad Ceredigion, a gwnaethpwyd j\u00f4cs am swyddogion y rheilffyrdd oedd yn methu ynganu enwau gorsafoedd, fel yn y faled isod:<\/p>\n

    Roedd porter y railway yn uchel ei lef
    \nYn gwaeddi Tlanelthy nes crynid y dref
    \nA finnau\u2019n adnabod Llanelly\u2019n led drue
    \n|Meddyliais mai\u2019n India yr oeddwn yn byw!<\/p>\n

    \"\"\u00a0<\/em>The Children of Dic Sion Dafydd. A Funny Song on the Welsh English<\/em>, National Library of Wales, http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10107\/1061577<\/a><\/p>\n

    Erbyn diwedd y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg, serch hynny, roedd yr iaith Gymraeg yn fwyfwy dan fygythiad o du mewnlifiad gweithwyr Saesneg eu hiaith i ardaloedd diwydiannol y de, a system addysg gyfan gwbl Saesneg y wladwriaeth. Yn lle y baledi digrif, a luniwyd er mwyn i\u2019r gynulleidfa gilchwerthin, cyhoeddwyd cerddi ac erthyglau a fyddai’n darogan marwolaeth y Gymraeg, a\u2019r ddrama \u2018Prawf Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd\u2019 a berfformiwyd o ganol y 1890au tan y Rhyfel Mawr. Yn dystio dros yr erlyniaeth yn yr achos llys oedd Mr Cymraeg, Mr Ll\u00ean Cymru, ei wraig Mrs Crefydd Cymraeg a\u2019u merch Miss Addysg Gymraeg, yn ogystal \u00e2 Mr Gwareiddiad a Dr Hanes. Yn amddiffyn \u2018y carcharor\u2019 Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd oedd ei fab a\u2019i ferch Mr Codi-yn-y-Byd a Miss Balchder, yn ogystal \u00e2 Mr Masnach a Dr Rhagfarn. Mae cymeriadau a chynnwys y ddrama yn adlewyrchu datblygiadau oedd wedi bod ar y gweill ers y ddeunawfed ganrif, ond a amlygwyd gan gyfrifiad 1891, a ddangosai mai dim ond jest dros 50% o boblogaeth Cymru oedd yn medru\u2019r iaith erbyn hyn. Byddai dirywiad yn niferoedd y siaradwyr Cymraeg ond yn dod i ben yn 1980au\u2019r ugeinfed ganrif, ag ond o gwmpas 20% y boblogaeth yn medru\u2019r iaith.<\/p>\n

    Goroesi wnaeth Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd i\u2019r ugeinfed ganrif, gan wneud ei ffordd i\u2019r darllediadau radio cyntaf yn y Gymraeg ar ddiwedd y 1930au, rhai megis anterliwt dychanol newydd, ble ymddangosodd ochr yn ochr \u00e2 chymeriad o\u2019r enw Si\u00f4n Llygad y Geiniog. Eto i gyd, roedd y rhod yn troi, ac dechreuwyd s\u00f4n am \u2018Dafydd-Si\u00f4n-Dic\u2019, sef dysgwyr Cymraeg a ddisgrifiwyd yn The Welsh Outlook<\/em> megis \u2018few in number but of rich deserving \u2026 those who brought up in ignorance of their natural language, have learnt it from books with painful diligence<\/em>.\u2019 Nid oedd llawer o Gymry yn dysgu Cymraeg fel oedolion yn y 1930au, ond roedd bodolaeth y cysyniad o\u2019r \u2018dysgwr\u2019 yn arwydd fod y rhod yn troi. Ehangu yn syfrdanol oedd hanes mudiad yr iaith erbyn y 1960au, ac erbyn 1980au, pan luniwyd \u2018Yma o Hyd\u2019 gan Dafydd Iwan, roedd mudiad yr iaith Gymraeg \u2013 un ochr y diwylliant protest radical sydd wedi bod yn rhan o hanes Cymru ers Gwrthryfel Merthyr Tudful 1831 \u2013 wedi tyfu yn yrrwr pwerus datblygiadau cymdeithasol yng Nghymru. Roedd ymgyrchwyr dros yr iaith Gymraeg a glowyr de Cymru yn sefyll gyda\u2019i gilydd yn erbyn Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd a\u2019r \u2018hen Fagi\u2019, fel y dengys fideo swyddogol Cymdeithas P\u00eal Droed Cymru o 2022.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Detholiad o Ffynonellau
    \n<\/strong>[Jac Glan-y-Gors], Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd. Can y Melinydd<\/em> (Llanrwst, dim dyddiad), Prifysgol Caerdydd a Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru     http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10107\/1101937<\/a><\/p>\n

    \u2018Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd (from the Welsh of Glan-y-Gors)\u2019, North Wales Chronicle and Advertiser<\/em>, 17 Gorffennaf 1828<\/p>\n

    Plant Dic Si\u00f4n Dafydd. C\u00e2n Ddigrif ar y Cymry Seisnig<\/em> (Welsh-Englishmen)<\/em>; sawl faled ac argraffiadau 1820au\u20131850au, \u2018Baledi Cymraeg Ar-lein\u2019, Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru https:\/\/www.library.wales\/ballads<\/a><\/p>\n

    \u2018Dic Sion Dafydd\u2019, Y Drych<\/em>, 30 Awst 1877<\/p>\n

    \u2018Dic Sion Dafydd at New Tredegar\u2019, Monmouth Guardian<\/em>, 10 Ebrill 1914<\/p>\n

    \u2018Prawf Dic Sion Dafydd\u2019, Celt Llund<\/em>ain, 25 Tachwedd 1902<\/p>\n

    \u2018Prawf Dic Sion Dafydd\u2019, Cymru\u2019r Plant<\/em>, 183 (Mawrth 1907), 87<\/p>\n

    O. Francis, \u2018The Worthy Order of Dafydd-Si\u00f4n-Dics\u2019, The Welsh Outlook<\/em>, 7 (Mehefin 1920), 144<\/p>\n

    \u2018Drama a Radio\u2019, Heddiw<\/em>, 5 (Medi 1930), 233<\/p>\n

    Cymdeithas P\u00eal Droed Cymru, Fideo Swyddogol Cwpan y Byd 2022, https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Lw5Fyj1GZlo&list=OLAK5uy_mq6pXAbw2jE4ew-Zws35NJLPT81MMWVkQ<\/a><\/p>\n

    Darllen Bellach
    \n<\/strong>Dafydd Iwan, Rhywle Fel Hyn<\/em> (Llanrwst: Gwasg garreg Gwalch, 2023)<\/p>\n

    Middleton Pennant Jones, \u2018John Jones of Glan-y-Gors\u2019, Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion <\/em>(1911), 60\u201394<\/p>\n

    Marion L\u00f6ffler, \u2018Mudiad yr iaith Gymraeg yn hanner cyntaf yr Ugeinfed ganrif: cyfraniad y chwildroadau tawel\u2019, yn Geraint H. Jenkins & Mari A. Williams (goln), \u2018Eu Hiaith a Gadwant: Y Gymraeg yn yr Ugeinfed Ganrif<\/em>, (Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru, 2000), tt. 173\u2013205<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"In her post, Dr Marion Loeffler, Reader in Welsh History, connects \u2018Yma o Hyd\u2019 (Still Here) to a history of satrical ballads that championed the Welsh language. In 2022, the […]","protected":false},"author":905,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30,11,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-437","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-enlightenment","category-modern-history","category-welsh-history"],"meta_box":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/history-at-cardiff\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/437","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/history-at-cardiff\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/history-at-cardiff\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/history-at-cardiff\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/905"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/history-at-cardiff\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=437"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/history-at-cardiff\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/437\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":447,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/history-at-cardiff\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/437\/revisions\/447"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/history-at-cardiff\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=437"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/history-at-cardiff\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=437"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cardiff.ac.uk\/history-at-cardiff\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=437"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}